Educational Reference Articles

Aron DN, Foutz TL, Keller WB. “Experimental and clinical experience with an IM pin external skeletal fixator tie-in configuration.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 4, Issue 86, Page 86-94.

Au K, Mattern KL, Lewis DD. “Dicondyler humeral fracture stabilisation in a dog using a transilial rod and external fixation.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 49, March 2008, Page 148-151.

Auger J, Dupuis J, Boudreault F, Pare P, Beauregard G, Breton L. “Comparison of multistage versus one-stage destabilization of a type II external fixator used to stabilize an oblique tibial osteotomy in dogs.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 31, Issue 1, Page 10-22.

Auger J, Dupuis J, Quesnel A, Beauregard G. “Surgical treatment of lumbosacral instability caused by discospondylitis in four dogs.”Veterinary Surgery. Volume 29, Issue 1, Page 70-80.

Barno EA, Lescun TB, Zacharias JR, Moore GE. “Effect of pilot hole drilling on bone temperature and final drilling accuracy during creation of a 6.2 mm hole in equine cadaveric cannon bone.” Proceedings of the 34th Annual Veterinary Orthopedic Society Conference. Volume 34, 2007, Page 58.

Basinger RR, Suber JT. “Two techniques for supplementing Interlocking Nail repair of fractures of the humerus, femur and tibia: results in 12 dogs and cats.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 33, Issue 6, Pages 673-680.

Beale BS. “Suture Anchors: A Practical Approach to Stabilizing Joints” Clinician's Brief. Volume 4, Number 6,  2006, Pages 53-57.

Benson JA., Boudrieau RJ. “Severe carpal and tarsal shearing injuries treated with an immediate arthrodesis in seven dogs.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. Volume 38, July/August, Page 370-380.

Biliouris TL, Schneider E, Rahn B, Gasser B, Perren S. “The effect of radial preload on the implant-bone interface: A cadaveric study.”Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. Volume 3, Issue 4, Page 323-332.

Bronson DG, Ross JD, Toombs JP, Welch RD. “Influence of the connecting rod on the biomechanical properties of five external skeletal fixation configurations.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 16, 2003, Page 82-87.

Clarke SP, Carmichael S. “Treatment of distal diaphyseal fractures using hybrid external skeletal fixation in three dogs.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 47, Issue 2, Page 98-103.

Clary EM, Roe SC. “In vitro biomechanical and histological assessment of pilot hole diameter for positive-profile external skeletal fixation pins in canine tibiae.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 25, Issue 6, Page 453-462.

Collins KE, Lewis DD, Lanz OL, Newell SM. “Use of a circular external skeletal fixator for stifle arthrodesis in a dog.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 41, Issue 7, Page 312-315.

Cook JL, Tomlinson JL, Arnoczky SP, Fox DB, Cook CR, Kreeger JM. “Kinetic study of the replacement of porcine small intestinal submucosa grafts and the regeneration of meniscal-like tissue in large avascular meniscal defects in dogs.” Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Volume 7, Number 3, Page 321-334.

Cook WT, Smith MM, Markel MD, Grant JW. “Influence of an interdental full pin on stability of an acrylic external fixator for rostral mandibular fractures in dogs.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 62, Number 4, Page 576-580.

Cross AR, Lewis DD, Murphy ST, Rigaud S, Madison JB, Kehoe MM, Rapoff AJ. “Effect of ring diameter and wire tension on the axial biomechanics of four ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 62, Issue 7, Page 1025-1030.

Cross AR, Lewis DD, Rigaud S, Mackinzie GB, Rapoff AJ. “Effects of wire tension on the biomechanics of asymmetric four-ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 15, Issue 1, Page 44-50.

Cross AR, Lewis DD, Rigaud S, Rapoff AJ. “Effect of various distal ring-block configurations on the biomechanical properties of circular external skeletal fixators for use in dogs and cats.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 65, Issue 4, Page 393-398.

Eggleston RB, Mueller E, Chambers JN, Bentley A. “Use of an external ring fixator for correction of an acquired angular limb deformity in a donkey.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 217, Issue 8, Page 1186-1190.

Ehrhart N. “Longitudinal bone transport for treatment of primary bone tumors in dogs: Technique description and outcome in 9 dogs.”Veterinary Surgery. Volume 34, Issue 1, Page 24-34.

Farese JP, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Collins KR, Anderson GM, Halling KB. “Use of IMEX™ SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. Volume 38, Page 279-289.

Farrell M, Draffan D, Gemmill T, Mellor D, Carmichael S. “In vitro validation of a technique for assessment of canine and feline elbow joint collateral ligament integrity and description of a new method for collateral ligament prosthetic replacement.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 36, Issue 6, Page 548-556.

Fitzpatrick N, Cross AR, Lewis DD. “A biomechanical comparison of external skeletal fixation and plating for the stabilization of ilial osteotomies in dogs.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 21, Issue 4, Page 349-357.

Gilley RS, Bourgeault CA, Wallace LJ, Bechtold JE. “A comparative mechanical study of 3 external fixator clamps.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 30, Issue 4, Page 341-350.

Goett SG, Basinger RR, et al. “Mechanical evaluation of an interlocking nail locked with conventional bolts or extended bolts connected with a type IA external skeletal fixator in a tibial fracture model.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 36, Issue 3, Page 279-286.

Guerin SR, Lewis DD, Lanz OI, Stallings JT. “Comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures repaired with a modified type I external skeletal fixator construct.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 39, Issue 11, Page 525-532.

Halling KB, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Sammy RJ, Rapoff AJ. “Biomechanical comparison of a circular external skeletal fixator construct to pin and tension band wire fixation for the stabilization of olecranon osteotomies in dogs: a cadaver study.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 32, Issue 4, Page 324-335.

Halling KB, Lewis DD, Jones RW, Hill RC, Anderson GM. “Use of circular external skeletal fixator constructs to stabilize tarsometarsal arthrodeses in three dogs.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 17, Issue 4, Page 204-209.

Hancock R, Cook JL, Tomlinson JL. “Distraction osteogenesis for treatment of premature physeal closure and shortening of the third and fourth metatarsals of a dog.” Journal of American Animal Hospital Association. Volume 39, 2003, Page 97-103.

Hyldahl C, Pearson S, Tepic S, Perren SM. “Induction and prevention of pin loosening in External Fixation.” Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Volume 17, Issue 6, Page 947-952.

Jaeger GH, Wosar MA, Marcellin-Little DJ, Lascelles BD. “Use of hinged transarticular external fixation for adjunctive joint stabilization in dogs and cats: 14 cases (1999-2003).” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 227, Number 4, Page 586-591.

Jehn CT, Lewis DD, Farese JP, Ferrell EA, Conley WG, Ehrhart N. “Tranverse ulnar bone transport osteogenesis: a new technique for limb salvage for the treatment of distal radial osteosarcoma in dogs.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 36, Issue 4, Page 324-334.

Jerram RM, Walker AM, Sutherland-Smith J, Warman CGA, Lewis DD. “Treatment of pedal shortening in a dog by metatarsal distraction osteogenesis.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 46, Issue 4, Page 191-195.

Johnson AL, Schaeffer DJ. “Evolution of the treatment of canine radial and tibial fractures with external fixators.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 21, Issue 3, Page 256-261.

Joyner PH, Rochat MC, Hoover JP. “Use of a hybrid external skeletal fixator for repair of a periarticular tibial fracture in a patagonian cavy.”Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 224, Number 8, Page 1298-1301.

Kasman RA, Chao YS. “Fatigue performance of external fixator pins.” Journal of Orthopedic Research. Volume 2, Issue 4, Page 377-384.

Kirkby KA, Lewis DD, Lafuente P, Radasch RM, Fitzpatrick N, Farese JP, Wheeler JL. “Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear-circular hybrid external skeletal fixators.” Journal of American Animal Hospital Association. Volume 44, Page 180-197.

Koehler CL, Stover SM, LeCouteur RA, Schulz KS, Hawkins DA. “Effect of a ventral slot procedure and of smooth or positive-profile threaded pins with polymethylmethacrylate fixation on intervertebral biomechanics at treated and adjacent canine cervical vertebral motion units.”American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 66, Number 4, Page 678-687.

Kudnig ST, Fitch RB. “Trans-ilial and trans-sacral brace fixation of sacral fractures and sacro-iliac luxations (seven cases).” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 66, Number 4, Page 678-687.

Lauer S, Hosgood G, Ramirez S, Lopez M. “In vivo comparison of two hinged transarticular external skeletal fixators for multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 21, Issue, 1, Page 25-35.

Lauer SK, Aron DN, Evans MD. “Finite element method evaluation: articulations and diagonals in an 8-pin type I-b fixator.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 29, Issue 1, Page 28-37.

Laverty PH, Johnson AJ, Toombs JP, Schaeffer DJ. “Simple and multiple fractures of the radius treated with an external fixator. Comparison of healing of simple and multiple fractures of the radius treated with external skeletal fixation in dogs: 56 cases (1983-1999).” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 15, 2002, Page 97-103.

Leasure CS, Lewis DD, Sereda CW, Mattern KL, Jehn CT, Wheeler JL. “Limited open reduction and stabilization of sacroiliac fracture-luxations using fluoroscopically assisted placement of a trans-iliosacral rod in five dogs.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 36, Issue 7, Page 633-643.

Lescun TB, Barno EA, Zacharias JR, Moore GE. “Effect of sequential hole enlargement on cortical bone temperature during creation of a 6.2-mm transcortical hole in the equine third metacarpal bone diaphysis.” In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Veterinary Orthopedic Society Conference 2007. Page 13.

Lescun TB, McClure SR, Ward MP, Downs C, Wilson DA, Adams SB, Hawkins JF, Reinertson EL. “Evaluation of transfixation casting for treatment of third metacarpal, third metatarsal, and phalangeal fractures in horses: 37 cases (1994-2004).” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 230, Number 9, Page 1340-1349.

Lescun TB, McClure SR. “Transfixation casting for the treatment of distal limb fractures in the horse; 27 cases.” In: 2004 Proceedings of the ACVS Veterinary Symposium.

Lescun TB, Morriset S, Fugaro MN, Blevins WE. “Facilitated ankylosis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a foal.” Australian Veterinary Journal. Volume 82, Issue 5, Page 282-285.

Lescun TB, Zacharias JR, Moore GE. “Assessment of two hydroxyapatite pin coatings by comparison of their pin insertion characteristics in cadaveric equine third metacarpal bone.” In proceedings: 16th annual scientific meeting, European College of Veterinary Surgeons 2007. Page 250.

Lescun TB. “Update on transfixation casting in horses.” In: Proceedings of the ACVS Veterinary Symposium, Chicago IL, 2007. Page 136 - 138.

Lewis DD, Bloomberg MS. “External skeletal fixation.” Waltham Focus. Volume 4, Page 9-18.

Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Welch RD, Samchukov ML, Stallings, JT. “Biomechanics of circular external skeletal fixation.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 27, Issue 5, Page 454-464.

Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Cross AR, Welch RD, Lubilis PS. “Axial Characteristics of Circular External Skeletal Fixator single Ring Constructs.”Veterinary Surgery. Volume 30, Number 4, Page 386-394.

Lewis DD, Cross AR, Carmichael S, Anderson MA. “Recent advances in external skeletal fixation.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 42, Issue 3, Page 103-112.

Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS, et al. “Initial clinical experience with the IMEX™ circular external skeletal fixation system. Part I: Use in fractures or arthrodeses.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 12, Page 108-117.

Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS, et al. “Initial clinical experience with the IMEX™ circular external skeletal fixation system. Part II: Use in bone lengthening and correction of angular and rotational deformities.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 12, Page 118-127.

Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Welch RD. “Effect of individual components on the axial stiffness of single ring IMEX™ circular external skeletal fixation system constructs.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 10, Page 80.

Lotsikas PJ, Radasch RM. “A clinical evaluation of pancarpal arthrodesis in nine dogs using circular external skeletal fixation.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 35, Issue 5, Page 480-485.

Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC, Rovesti GL, Bosio A, Ferretti A. “Are circular external fixators weakened by the use of hemispheric washers?”Veterinary Surgery. Volume 31, Issue 4, Page 367-374.

McCartney WT, Carmichael S. “Talar neck fractures in five cats.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 41, Issue 5, Page 204-206.

McClure S, Watkins JP, Ashman RB. “In vitro comparison of the effect of parallel and divergent transfixation pins on breaking strength of equine third metacarpal bones.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 55, Issue 9, Page 1327-1330.

McClure SR, Hillberry BM, Fisher KE. “In vitro comparison of metaphyseal and diaphyseal placement of centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pins in the equine third metacarpal bone.” Ameican Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 61, Number 10, Page 1304-1308.

McClure SR, Watkins JP, Glickman NW, Hawkins JF, Glickman LT. “Complete fractures of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone in horses: 25 cases (1980-1996).” Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 213, Issue 6, Page 847-850.

McClure SR, Watkins JP, Hogan HA. “In vitro evaluation of four methods of attaching transfixation pins into a fiberglass cast for use in horses.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 57, Issue 7, Page 1098-1101.

McDonald DE, Palmer RH, Hulse DA, Neigut JS, Hyman WA, Slater MR. “Holding power of threaded external skeletal fixation pins in the near and far cortices of cadaveric canine tibiae.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 23, Issue 6, Page 488-493.

McKee WM, Reynolds J. “Ulnocarpal arthrodesis and limb lengthening for the management of radial agenesis in a dog.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 48, Issue 10, Page 591-595.

Morisset S, McClure SR, Hillberry BM, Fisher KE. “In vitro comparison of the use of two large-animal, centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pin designs in the equine third metacarpal bone.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 61, Issue 10, Page 1298-1303.

Nanai B, Basinger RR. “Use of a new investigational interlocking nail supplement in the repair of comminuted diaphyseal tibia fractures in two dogs”. Journal of the American Animal Hopital Association. Volume 41, Page 203-208.

Nelligan MR, Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, Thompson MS. “Correction of metatarsal rotation in a dog using a circular fixator construct.” Australian Veterinary Journal. Volume 85, Issue 8, Page 332-336.

Preston CA, Schulz KS, Taylor KT, Kass PH, Hagan CE, Stover SM. “In vitro experimental study of the effect of radial shortening and ulnar ostectomy on contact patterns in the elbow joint of dogs.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 62, Issue 10, Page 1548-1556.

Puchol JL, Herran R, Durall I, Lopez J, Diaz-Betrana C. “Use of distraction osteogenesis for the correction of diviated nasal septum and premaxilla in a horse.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 224, Issue 7, Page 1147-1150.

Radasch RM, Lewis DD, McDonald D. “Pes varus correction in Dachshunds using a hybrid external fixator.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 37, Issue 1, Page 71-81.

Radke H, Aron DN, Applewhite A, Zhang G. “Biomechanical analysis of unilateral external skeletal fixators combined with IM pin and without IM pin using finite element method.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 35, Issue 1, Page 15-23.

Rahal SC, Volpi RS, Renata CB, Vulcano LC. “Use of the Llizarov method of distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of radial hemimelia in a dog.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 226, Number 1, Page 65-68.

Reaugh HF, Rochat MC, Bruce CW, Galloway DS, Payton ME. “Stiffness of modified type 1a linear external skeletal fixators.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 20, Issue 4, Page 264-268.

Reems M, Pluhar E, Wheeler D. “Ex vivo comparison of one versus two distal screws in 8mm model 11 interlocking nails used to stabilize canine distal femorla fractures.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 35, Number 2, Page 161-167.

Robb JL, Cook JL, Carson W. “In vitro evaluation of screws and suture anchors in metaphyseal bone of the canine tibia.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 34, Issue 5, Page 499-508.

Rochat MC, DiGesualdo CL, Hoover JP. “Repair of a tibiotarsal varus malunion in a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) using a type 1a hybrid external skeletal fixator.” Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. Volume 19, Issue 2, Page 121-129.

Sequin B, Harari J, Wood RD, Tillson DM. “Bone fracture and sequestration as complications of external skeletal fixation.” Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 38, Issue 2, Page 81-84.

Spranklin D, Elder S, Boyle C, McLaughlin R. “Comparison of a suture anchor and a toggle rod for use in toggle pin fixation of coxofemoral luxations.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. Volume 42, April 2006, Page 121-126.

Stallings JT, Lewis DD, Welch RD, Samchukov ML, Marcillin-Little DJ. “An introduction to distraction osteogenesis and the principles of the Ilizarov method.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 11, Page 59-67.

Toews AR, Bailey JV, Townsend HG, Barber SM. “Effect of feed rate and drill speed on temperatures in equine cortical bone.” American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 60, Issue 8, Page 942-944.

Toombs JP, Bronson DG, Ross D, Welch RD. “The SK external fixation system: Description of components, instrumentation, and application techniques.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 16, Issue 2, Page 76-80.

Verwilgher D, Van GG, Vanderheyden L, Busoni V, Salciccia A, Balligand M, Serteyn D, Grulke S. “Mandibular osteodistraction for correction of deep bite class II malocclusion in a horse.” Veterinay Surgery. Volume 37, Number 6, Page 571-579.

Walker TM, Pierce WA, Welch RD. “External fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 31, Issue 2, Page 181-188.

Welch RD, Lewis DD. “Distraction osteogenesis.” In: Fracture Management and Bone Healing. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. Volume 29, Issue 5, Page 1187-1205.

Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Sereda CW. “Closed fluoroscopic-assisted spinal arch external skeletal fixation for the stabilization of vertebral column injuries in five dogs.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 36, Issue 5, Page 442-448.

White DT, Bronson DG, Welch RD. “A mechanical comparison of veterinary linear external fixation systems.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 32, Issue 6, Page 507-514.

Wosar MA., Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC. “Influence of bolt tightening torque, wire size, and component reuse on wire fixation in circular external fixation.” Veterinary Surgery. Volume 31, Issue 6, Page 571-576.

Zacharias JR, Lescun TB, Moore GE, Van Sickle DC. “Comparison of Insertion Characteristics of Two Types of Hydroxyapatite Coated and Uncoated Positive Profile Transfixation Pins in the Third Metacarpal Bone of Horses”. American Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 68, Number 11, Page 1160-1166.

Zaruby JF, Hurtig MB, Finlay JB, Valliant AE. “Studies on the external fixator pin-bone interface: The effect of the pin design and pin colling in an in vivo sheep tibia model.” Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Volume 8, Page 20-31.